1.2-Diaminopropane

Product Details

CasNo： 78-90-0

MF： C3H10N2

Appearance： liquid

Delivery Time： 15 days

Packing： 200kg/drum

Purity： 99%

1. Basic Information

• Chinese Name: 1,2 - 丙二胺；1,2 - 二氨基丙烷
• English Names: 1,2-Propanediamine; 1,2-Diaminopropane
• CAS No.: 78-90-0
• Molecular Formula: C3​H10​N2​
• Molecular Weight: 74.13
• Appearance: Colorless to pale yellow transparent liquid at room temperature. High-purity products are nearly colorless; slight yellowing may occur due to oxidation during long-term storage or air exposure (does not affect key performance).
• Odor: Strong ammonia-like odor with high irritancy, easily detectable even at low concentrations. High concentrations may cause respiratory discomfort.
• Solubility: Fully miscible with most polar organic solvents such as water, methanol, ethanol, ether, and acetone; insoluble in non-polar solvents like benzene and n-hexane. Its aqueous solution is strongly alkaline (pH ≈ 12.5 for 1% aqueous solution).
• Key Physicochemical Parameters:
  • Density: 0.873–0.877 g/cm³ (at 20℃, lighter than water, floats on water during phase separation);
  • Melting Point: -37.2℃ (easily solidifies at low temperatures; insulation is required for storage in cold regions);
  • Boiling Point: 118–120℃ (at atmospheric pressure, easy to purify via distillation, suitable as a medium-temperature reaction solvent);
  • Flash Point: 33℃ (closed cup, classified as a flammable liquid; strict control of ignition sources is mandatory);
  • Refractive Index: nD20​ 1.446–1.448 (used for purity testing; deviations may indicate excessive impurities);
  • Vapor Pressure: 1.6 kPa (at 20℃, moderate volatility; vapor accumulation is likely in poorly ventilated environments).

2. Chemical Properties

1. Strong Basicity: Both amino groups (-NH₂) in the molecule can accept protons, with stronger basicity than monoaliphatic amines. It reacts with acids (inorganic and organic acids) to form stable salts (e.g., 1,2-propanediamine hydrochloride, propanediamine oxalate) and absorbs carbon dioxide in the air to form carbonates, requiring sealed storage.
2. Reactivity: Hydrogen atoms on the amino groups are prone to substitution reactions. It can form Schiff bases with aldehydes/ketones, amides with carboxylic acids/anhydrides, and polyether amines with ethylene oxide. It also participates in nucleophilic substitution and cyclization reactions (e.g., synthesis of imidazoline and piperazine compounds).
3. Stability: Stable under normal temperature and pressure, but may undergo oxidation reactions with strong oxidants (e.g., potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide) to release toxic gases. It may decompose into ammonia, propylene, and other products at high temperatures (>200℃), so exposure to high-temperature sunlight or open flames should be avoided.
4. Corrosiveness: Highly corrosive to non-ferrous metals such as copper, aluminum, and zinc; less corrosive to iron and stainless steel. Therefore, storage containers should be made of stainless steel or epoxy resin-lined materials.

3. Product Quality Standards

Based on application scenarios, 1,2-propanediamine is mainly classified into industrial grade, reagent grade, and high-end grades (e.g., for pharmaceutical intermediates) with stricter purity and impurity requirements. Specific standards are as follows:

4. Core Application Fields

4.1 Chemical Intermediates (Primary Use)

• Chelating Agent Synthesis: Reacts with glyoxal and citric acid to produce amino carboxylic acid chelating agents (e.g., 1,2-propanediaminetetraacetic acid, PDTA), which are used in water treatment (chelating calcium, magnesium, and iron ions to prevent scaling), metal cleaning (removing oxide layers), and textile printing and dyeing (improving dye fixation rate).
• Polyamide Resin Preparation: Condenses with dibasic acids (e.g., adipic acid, sebacic acid) to form polyamides (nylon-type), used in the production of high-temperature resistant coatings, adhesives, and engineering plastics. These resins exhibit excellent impact resistance and chemical corrosion resistance.
• Surfactant Synthesis: Reacts with fatty acids (e.g., stearic acid, oleic acid) to produce imidazoline-type cationic surfactants, used in shampoos and body washes (antistatic, hair conditioning) and industrial detergents (strong degreasing ability, suitable for metal cleaning).

4.2 Pharmaceutical and Pesticide Industries

• Pharmaceutical Intermediates: Used in the synthesis of anti-tuberculosis drugs (e.g., ethambutol), antihistamines, and vasodilators. Its derivatives (e.g., N-substituted propanediamines) serve as "linkers" in drug molecules to regulate drug activity and pharmacokinetic properties.
• Pesticide Raw Materials: Synthesizes insecticides (e.g., imidacloprid intermediates) and fungicides (e.g., morpholine-based fungicides). Cyclization reactions of amino groups construct the core structure of pesticide active molecules, enhancing insecticidal/fungicidal efficiency and persistence.

4.3 Materials and Other Fields

• Epoxy Resin Curing Agent: As an aliphatic amine curing agent, it reacts rapidly with epoxy resins. The cured resin has good alkali resistance and electrical insulation, used in electronic component packaging and composite molding (e.g., fiberglass-reinforced plastics).
• Metal Corrosion Inhibitor: In oil extraction and metal processing, adding a small amount of 1,2-propanediamine forms an adsorption film on metal surfaces, inhibiting metal corrosion (especially effective for carbon steel and copper alloys) and reducing equipment wear.
• Gas Purification Agent: Its strong basicity enables absorption of acidic gases (e.g., hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide) from industrial exhaust, used in natural gas desulfurization and power plant flue gas treatment. It has higher purification efficiency than monoamines (e.g., ethylamine).

5. Manufacturing Methods

Currently, the acrylonitrile hydrogenation method is the mainstream industrial process, featuring mature technology and low cost. The specific process is as follows:

1. Addition Reaction: Acrylonitrile (CH2​=CH−CN) reacts with ammonia (NH3​) under the action of a catalyst (e.g., nickel-aluminum alloy) at 80–100℃ and 1.0–1.5 MPa to form 1,2-dicyanopropane (intermediate product);
2. Hydrogenation Reaction: 1,2-Dicyanopropane undergoes hydrogenation in a high-pressure reactor with Raney nickel as the catalyst and hydrogen (H2​) at 120–150℃ and 3.0–5.0 MPa. The cyano group (-CN) is converted to an amino group (-NH₂), yielding crude 1,2-propanediamine;
3. Purification: Low-boiling impurities (e.g., unreacted ammonia, acrylonitrile) are removed from the crude product via atmospheric distillation, followed by vacuum distillation (vacuum degree 0.09 MPa, distillation range 118–120℃) to obtain high-purity products, with a total yield of approximately 85%–90%.

In addition, the "1,2-dichloropropane ammonolysis method" can be used for small-scale laboratory preparation, but it is not suitable for industrial mass production due to the high toxicity of raw materials (dichloropropane) and large amounts of by-products.

6. Safety and Protection

6.1 Health Hazards

• Skin/Eye Contact: The liquid or vapor is highly irritating. Skin contact causes redness, blisters, and chemical burns; eye contact can damage the cornea and may cause blindness in severe cases, requiring immediate rinsing with plenty of water.
• Inhalation Risk: High-concentration vapor irritates the respiratory tract, causing coughing, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing. Long-term inhalation may lead to bronchitis or pulmonary edema. Good ventilation in the workplace is recommended, along with the use of an organic vapor respirator (N95 or higher).
• Oral Toxicity: Accidental ingestion burns the digestive tract, causing nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain; severe cases may damage liver and kidney functions. The oral LD₅₀ (rat) is approximately 317 mg/kg, classifying it as a moderately toxic substance.

6.2 Fire and Explosion Hazards

• With a flash point of 33℃, it is classified as a Class B flammable liquid. Its vapor can form explosive mixtures with air (explosion limits: 1.9%–12.1% by volume). Contact with open flames, high temperatures, or electrostatic sparks may trigger combustion or explosion. Smoking and non-explosion-proof equipment are strictly prohibited.
• Combustion products include toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ). Firefighters should wear gas masks and use dry powder, foam, or carbon dioxide fire extinguishers (direct water spraying is not allowed to avoid liquid splashing and fire spread).

6.3 Protective Measures

• Personal Protection: Wear alkali-resistant rubber gloves (latex gloves are not recommended as they are easily permeable), chemical safety goggles (or a full-face shield), and anti-static work clothes. Wash hands and face immediately after operation to avoid skin residue.
• Storage Requirements: Store in a sealed, cool, and well-ventilated warehouse (temperature ≤ 30℃), away from ignition sources, heat sources, and strong oxidants (e.g., nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide). Store separately from acids and food chemicals. Use stainless steel or HDPE containers and check sealing regularly.

7. Packaging and Storage

• Packaging Specifications: Industrial-grade products are commonly packed in 200 L stainless steel drums or epoxy resin-lined iron drums (to prevent corrosion); reagent-grade products are packed in 500 mL/1 L amber glass bottles (light-proof to slow oxidation); large-tonnage transportation uses 1000 L IBC tanks (with HDPE liners).
• Storage Period: Shelf life is 12 months under sealed and cool conditions. Once opened, use as soon as possible; remaining products should be protected with nitrogen (to prevent absorption of carbon dioxide and moisture). If significant color darkening (dark yellow or brown) or odor abnormalities occur, re-test purity before use.
• Transportation Requirements: Classified as a hazardous chemical (UN No. 2258, Class 8 corrosive substance). During transportation, attach "flammable" and "corrosive" warning labels, avoid severe collisions, shield from sunlight in summer, and ensure insulation in winter (to prevent solidification and pipeline blockage).