1.4-Dioxane

Product Details

CasNo： 123-91-1

MF： C4H8O2

Appearance： liquid

Delivery Time： 15 days

Packing： 200kg/drum

Purity： 99%

1. Basic Information

• Chinese Name: 1,4 - 二氧六环 (1,4-èryǎngliùhuán)
• English Name: 1,4-Dioxane
• Synonyms: 1,4-Dioxacyclohexane; p-Dioxane; Diethylene dioxide
• CAS No.: 123-91-1
• Molecular Formula: C4​H8​O2​
• Molecular Weight: 88.1051
• Appearance: Colorless, transparent liquid (viscous and water-like at room temperature; easily confused with water, requiring clear labeling)
• Solubility: Miscible with water in all proportions; fully soluble in most organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, benzene, acetone, and chloroform (serves as a "bridging solvent" for water-oil miscibility).

2. Technical Specifications

Industrial-grade and reagent-grade 1,4-dioxane have different purity requirements, with core indicators as follows:

3. Physical and Chemical Properties

• Density: 1.030–1.035 g/mL (at 20℃; slightly denser than water, facilitating layer separation in specific extraction processes)
• Freezing Point: ≥11.0℃ (unique characteristic—solidifies easily at low temperatures; storage in cold environments requires heating to melt before use)
• Boiling Point: 101℃ (close to water’s boiling point; forms an azeotrope with water, requiring special distillation methods for dehydration)
• Flash Point: 12℃ (closed cup; classified as a highly flammable liquid, with strict ignition source control required)
• Autoignition Temperature: 180℃
• Explosion Limits: 2.0%–22.0% (volume fraction in air; extremely wide range, posing high explosion risks in confined spaces)
• Stability: Chemically stable under normal conditions but prone to forming peroxides when exposed to air and light (peroxides accumulate over time, increasing the risk of explosion during distillation or shaking). Industrial products usually contain 0.01%–0.05% hydroquinone as a stabilizer to inhibit peroxide formation.

4. Core Applications

4.1 Industrial Solvent (Main Application)

• Used in the synthesis and processing of resins, dyes, pesticides, fragrances, and plastics. It is an excellent solvent for nitrocellulose, celluloid, cellulose resins, vegetable oils, mineral oils, and oil-soluble dyes—effectively dissolving high-molecular-weight polymers without causing material degradation.
• In the coating industry, it is added as a co-solvent to improve the film-forming properties and adhesion of coatings, reducing the risk of cracking.

4.2 Electronic Cleaning (Phased Out Gradually)

• Historically used for degreasing printed circuit boards (PCBs) due to its strong oil solubility and water miscibility. However, due to its environmental persistence and potential toxicity, it is being replaced by more environmentally friendly alternatives (e.g., n-propyl bromide) in most regions.

4.3 Mold Release Agent & Polymer Additive

• Acts as a mold release agent in plastic and rubber processing, preventing finished products from adhering to molds and improving production efficiency.
• Used as a plasticizer in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyurethane, enhancing the flexibility and low-temperature resistance of materials.

4.4 Pharmaceutical & Pesticide Industries

• Pharmaceuticals: Serves as a solvent or intermediate in drug synthesis, such as in the production of antibiotics (e.g., amikacin) and anti-tumor drugs. It is also used in the purification of drug active ingredients to improve purity.
• Pesticides: Synthesizes intermediates for fungicides (e.g., difenoconazole) and insecticides, improving the stability and bioactivity of pesticide formulations.

4.5 Other Special Uses

• NMR Solvent: Deuterated 1,4-dioxane (C4​D8​O2​) is a common solvent for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, with low interference to sample signals and good solubility for polar and non-polar compounds.
• Cosmetics: Used as an emulsifier in small amounts (residue limit ≤10 ppm) to improve the uniformity and stability of lotions and creams. However, due to safety concerns, its use in cosmetics is strictly regulated globally.
• Stabilizer: Added to 1,1,1-trichloroethane (a degreasing agent) at 2.5%–4% to prevent its decomposition into toxic phosgene under high temperatures or light.

5. Packaging and Storage

5.1 Packaging

• Industrial Grade (Bulk): Packaged in 200 kg epoxy resin-lined steel drums (to avoid metal corrosion and prevent impurity dissolution) or 1000 L intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) inner liners (suitable for large-volume transportation).
• Reagent Grade (Small Volume): Available in 500 mL, 1 L, or 2.5 L amber glass bottles (to block light and slow peroxide formation), sealed with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-lined caps to prevent vapor leakage and moisture absorption.

5.2 Storage

• Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated warehouse with a temperature controlled at 15–25℃ (to avoid solidification at low temperatures or accelerated peroxide formation at high temperatures).
• Keep containers tightly sealed to minimize contact with air; avoid direct sunlight and heat sources (e.g., heaters, steam pipes).
• Store separately from strong oxidants (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate), strong acids (e.g., sulfuric acid), and food chemicals to prevent reactions or cross-contamination.
• Regularly inspect for peroxide formation (using potassium iodide-starch test paper; a blue color indicates excessive peroxides). If peroxides are detected, neutralize with sodium sulfite solution before use.

6. Safety Information

6.1 Health Hazards

• Inhalation/Contact: Vapor or liquid irritates the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract—symptoms include eye redness, skin dryness, and coughing. Long-term or high-concentration exposure may damage the liver and kidneys (animal studies show potential organ toxicity).
• Ingestion: Swallowing causes severe gastrointestinal irritation (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain); large doses can lead to central nervous system depression (dizziness, confusion) or organ failure.
• Environmental Risks: Persistent in water and soil, with potential bioaccumulation; classified as a "possible human carcinogen" (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).

6.2 Fire and Explosion Hazards

• Highly flammable: Vapor forms explosive mixtures with air; contact with open flames, electrostatic sparks, or high temperatures can trigger combustion or explosion.
• Combustion products include carbon monoxide (CO) and formaldehyde (a toxic irritant), requiring respiratory protection during fire fighting.

6.3 Protective Measures

• Personal Protection: Wear nitrile rubber gloves (latex is permeable to 1,4-dioxane), safety goggles, and a organic vapor respirator (N95 or higher) in poorly ventilated areas.
• Emergency Response:
  • Skin Contact: Immediately rinse with plenty of flowing water for 15 minutes, then seek medical attention.
  • Eye Contact: Lift eyelids and rinse with normal saline for 10 minutes; do not rub.
  • Fire Fighting: Use dry powder, foam, or carbon dioxide extinguishers (water can be used to cool containers but not to directly extinguish the fire to avoid spreading the liquid).